{"id":5543,"date":"2021-07-19T14:24:58","date_gmt":"2021-07-19T07:24:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/10.228.23.44:31077\/?p=5543"},"modified":"2025-01-29T13:19:24","modified_gmt":"2025-01-29T06:19:24","slug":"knowledge-batteries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/knowledge-batteries\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5543\" class=\"elementor elementor-5543\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-335ddcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"335ddcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7e40c6\" data-id=\"a7e40c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ce427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8ce427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/0-2-840x560-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5092\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/0-2-840x560-1.jpg 840w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/0-2-840x560-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/0-2-840x560-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/0-2-840x560-1-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1876a4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1876a4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45e5e7d\" data-id=\"45e5e7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05dad8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05dad8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\">By Mr. Ukrit Sahapatsombut, Dr. Thanya Phraewphipat, Dr. Jiravan Mongkoltanatas, Dr. Priew Eiamlamai, <br> Dr. Nattanai Kunanusont, and Dr. Pimpa Limthongkul<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Energy Storage Technology Research Team, <br> Energy Innovation Research Group of the National Energy Technology Center (ENTEC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d84d5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d84d5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7eb60d\" data-id=\"c7eb60d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044e673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"044e673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overview<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c03e98e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c03e98e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b92d2ea\" data-id=\"b92d2ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db47f34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db47f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #20b2aa; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><code><\/code><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What types of batteries are in use today? And what are the differences?<\/span>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"color: #20b2aa; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span>\n<\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53f6cdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53f6cdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2202dff\" data-id=\"2202dff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-673c422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"673c422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Batteries in use today are divided into two main types:<\/p><p>1) Single-use batteries or primary batteries.<\/p><p>2) Rechargeable batteries or secondary batteries.<\/p><p>All batteries operate through electrochemical reactions called oxidation and reduction.\u00a0 Oxidation occurs at the anode. Reduction occurs at the cathode.\u00a0\u00a0 In a single-use battery, these reactions are irreversible; whereas in a rechargeable battery, these reactions are reversible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-85ec8b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"85ec8b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1750301\" data-id=\"1750301\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f652a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f652a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What types of rechargeable batteries are in use today? And what are the differences?<\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc04430 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc04430\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5a6939\" data-id=\"f5a6939\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989c4cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"989c4cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span>\n<\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6458f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6458f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03dbbc\" data-id=\"e03dbbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae7f5e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae7f5e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are a dozen of rechargeable batteries but only a few are widely used, such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hybrid batteries, lithium-Ion batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, and batteries with the flow of energy storage as shown in Figure1.<\/p><p><strong>Table1:<\/strong> Batteries in use today<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d0adbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d0adbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5a22e2\" data-id=\"f5a22e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-052170d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"052170d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"474\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6-768x474.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5103\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6-768x474.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6-1024x632.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P1-6.jpg 1107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5fd8d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5fd8d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83e849d\" data-id=\"83e849d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-770a368 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"770a368\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What is the direction of the development for each type of battery?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>In general, the aim of battery development is to achieve higher energy density (either per weight or per volume), improved safety performance, and lower price. According to Figure 1, it can be seen that the direction of battery technology is to develop higher energy density and specific energy; some examples shown are lithium-sulfur battery, lithium-air battery, zinc battery, aluminum battery, and solid lithium-ion battery.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">[1]<\/span><\/p><p>In addition, the development also includes materials improvement, such as anode material, cathode material, and electrolyte solution (especially in lithium-ion batteries that have higher electrical energy and power), as well as an increase in the range of operating temperatures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf92917 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf92917\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c05c3\" data-id=\"d2c05c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb7dcb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb7dcb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"530\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5104\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P2-1.jpg 530w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P2-1-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P2-1-16x10.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: The energy performance of current technology battery and batteries in development.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4470e2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4470e2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62fd654\" data-id=\"62fd654\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-526cfce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"526cfce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: Is it OK to use a mobile phone while charging the battery? Why?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>Using mobile phones while charging is possible but not recommended.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">[2]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The reason is that using and charging a mobile phone at the same time from a household electrical power (220V) power may result in danger from an electric shock or a leakage. Not only this danger comes from mobile phones or batteries, but also they can be caused by other electrical appliances in the house depending on the quality of the equipment and preventive measures.<\/span><\/p><p>The reasons that a user can get an electrical shock from a mobile phone while charging are as follows:<\/p><p><strong>1. The charger is defected or has low quality. <\/strong>The function of a charger (adapter) is to convert an alternating current (AC) of 220V into a direct current (DC) with a voltage of no greater than 5V and protect the user from getting the AC power directly. However, if the charger is defected, it may create an electrical leakage.<\/p><p><strong>2. The charging cable has low quality. <\/strong> The charging cable that has been in use for quite a while may be torn or broken, increasing a chance for leakage and burning risk.<\/p><p>Therefore, using a mobile phone while charging with a household electrical power (220V) power may not be safe. However, if it is necessary, using a power bank is a better choice.<\/p><p>In addition, using a mobile phone while charging may affect the battery lifespan due to extra heat generated. Thus, the user should avoid using the battery while charging to preserve the battery<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-acc7747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"acc7747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a60914b\" data-id=\"a60914b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75af44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75af44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-KYx-Znyrn0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"787\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/battery-charging2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5016\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/battery-charging2.jpg 787w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/battery-charging2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/battery-charging2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/battery-charging2-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 787px) 100vw, 787px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8de10cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8de10cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4402f83\" data-id=\"4402f83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a362de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a362de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: How does the charging affect the battery lifespan? What is the correct way to charge the battery? <\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>There are various types of batteries, each has its own characteristics and should be treated appropriately.<br \/>A lead-acid battery should always be kept in a fully charged condition.<\/p><p>A nickel-cadmium battery and a nickel-metal hydride battery, should not be frequently charged but should be used until fully discharged and then recharged to its full capacity.<\/p><p>A lithium-ion battery should be charged with a constant current. In some devices, when the battery is nearly fulled (&gt;80-90%), the regulator will reduce the electric current by charging with constant voltage until the battery is fully charged. However, in theory, the optimum operating range to extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries is 20-80%. Therefore, if the users want to extend its lifespan, the following issues are noted.<\/p><ul><li>A lithium-ion battery should not be used until it runs out because it will deteriorate faster.<\/li><li>Charging a lithium-ion battery overnight normally does not affect its lifespan significantly; however, this also depends on the device and charging system used<\/li><li>A fully-charged lithium-ion battery that has been left unused for a long time will deteriorate itself faster. Therefore, if not using, it should be charged halfway. However, if using the battery regularly, it can be fully charged in an appropriate way.<\/li><li>A lithium-ion battery should not be charged and used simultaneously.<\/li><\/ul><p>Most importantly, the factors that affect battery lifespan, in general, are temperature, electric current, and charging voltage. Some recommendations for preserving the battery charging are as follows.<\/p><ul><li>Choosing the right charger for the battery, e.g., a charger that has been approved to use with a particular device.<\/li><li>Do not use encapsulated gadgets (such as cell phone cases) that trap heat while charging and the device should not be placed in an enclosed or unventilated area.<\/li><li>Do not charge the battery in a high temperature location.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae13c4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae13c4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad3deb5\" data-id=\"ad3deb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-499aaa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"499aaa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What are the signs of battery deterioration?<br \/><\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<br \/><\/span><\/span><\/h3><ul><li>The hours of battery life decreases.<br \/>Battery deterioration means the battery\u2019s capacity decreases and less power is available for a fully-charged battery. That is to say, a fully charged battery has a shorter lifetime for a similar task.<\/li><li>The heat of the battery increases.<br \/>Once the battery deteriorates, the internal resistance of the battery will increase. That is, more heat will be generated compared to that of the new battery, and the user will feel the heat (e.g., while using a mobile phone).<\/li><li>The battery behaves differently.<br \/>When the chemicals or materials inside the battery deteriorate, it may cause an accumulation of gases inside the battery, resulting in a swollen battery with a possible leakage of electrolyte.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-280875d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"280875d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e2d3a0\" data-id=\"7e2d3a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32cc1ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32cc1ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jHhtaJYQ2h8&#038;t=27s\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"787\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/youtube-cover-\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5041\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/youtube-cover-\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21.jpg 787w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/youtube-cover-\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/youtube-cover-\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/youtube-cover-\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 787px) 100vw, 787px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4379a4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4379a4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-baf5fb9\" data-id=\"baf5fb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b26afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b26afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What makes the battery degrade? How to prevent it? Are the viscous liquids dangerous, especially when they touch the skin or wound?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>Battery deterioration is caused by chemical deterioration within the battery cells that decreases the battery\u2019s capacity. Therefore, less power could be used for a fully charged battery. Some possible causes of battery deterioration are as follows:<\/p><ul><li>An expiration of the chemicals or materials inside a battery cell.<\/li><li>An improper use and storage, which generate heat, a most influential factor that accelerate the deterioration of the battery.<\/li><li>A malfunction caused by undercharging or overcharging.<\/li><\/ul><p>Thus, a practical preventive measure is to regularly inspect and check the charging system and examine the outside conditions and the leakage of the battery cell.\u00a0 In addition, a battery should not be stored or used in high temperatures since the battery lifespan will be reduced.[3]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7cc298e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7cc298e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-321576d\" data-id=\"321576d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61cb805 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61cb805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The viscous liquids commonly seen leaking out from the carbon-zinc cell and alkaline cell are electrolytes.\u00a0 Typical batteries use ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as electrolytes. When manganese dioxide is completely reacted (the battery runs out), the acidic electrolyte will be able to react chemically with the zinc canister, which causes corrosion and leakage of internal chemicals. As for alkaline batteries, a potassium hydroxide solution is used as a basic electrolyte solution that can also react chemically with zinc containers when the battery has reached the end of its lifespan. Apart from the solution leakage, heavy metals were also found as shown in figure 2. \u00a0An electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries is in liquid state and consists of lithium salts carbonate organic solvents.\u00a0 It can be deteriorated by moisture or heat, thus resulting in leakage occurs.<\/p><p>When an electrolyte is in contact with water or external moisture, it forms hydrofluoric acid (HF) with severely corrosive and highly toxic properties and can cause irritation. This acid can damage tissues and interfere with the function of the nervous system so that people who are in contact with this acid may not feel any pain at first, but in the long run, it will lead to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Thus, this acid is extremely detrimental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7bf67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7bf67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5f68\" data-id=\"4ce5f68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b0c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"91b0c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4-768x430.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5120\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4-768x430.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4-1024x573.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P4.jpg 1265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Chemical hazards toward the human body<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af54324 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"af54324\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8df7a19\" data-id=\"8df7a19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f4e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4f4e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: Does putting a battery in a freezer help extend the battery lifespan somehow?\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span>\n<\/span><\/h3>\nPutting a battery in a freezer in the hope of extending its lifespan is a misunderstanding because the freezer has a very low temperature, which may cause various terminals to deteriorate. That is to say, the battery should be kept at a temperature that is neither too high nor too low. However, once the battery is swollen or deteriorated, it should not be used but be replaced with a new battery. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55be036 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55be036\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19fed81\" data-id=\"19fed81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a6456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8a6456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What is the memory effect in the battery? In what types of batteries this effect be found? How does it affect battery performance? <\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>The reason why certain batteries have a memory effect or unwanted \u201cmemory\u201d is that there is a change in the microstructures of the positive and negative terminals that have not been used for a long time. This effect is found in nickel batteries, such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride. In general, the crystal size of nickel compounds that collects the electric charge is small, thus creating a large surface area to conduct the electricity. However, if a part of the battery is left unused, the crystal size will increase, and the terminals\u2019 overall surface will decrease, as well as the electrical resistance will increase and the reaction becomes more difficult, leading to the deterioration of the battery performance.<\/p><p>To avoid a memory effect, nickel batteries should not be charged and used at the same time but it should be used until it runs out or drains at least once a month to keep the crystal size of the nickel compound in the anode close to that of the original. The most widely used solution relies on a device that can draw an electric current until the battery has an electric potential lower than usual or 0.4-0.6 volts per cell to allow the large crystal forming at the pole to split and become smaller.<\/p><p>Currently, Sanyo\/Panasonic (Sanyo SMI-Thailand Co., Ltd.) has succeeded in reducing the memory effect in Ni-MH batteries under the brand \u2018Eneloop\u2019.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e41fee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e41fee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34d8f48\" data-id=\"34d8f48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6106ced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6106ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What are the reasons that may cause a battery to explode or catch fire?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>Various incidents may result in battery explosion and are grouped as follows.<\/p><ol><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol><li>A battery explodes or catches fire from external factors.<p>1.1\u00a0 It is overheated (thermal abuse).<\/p><p>1.2 It is impacted by external shocks (mechanical abuse), such as being dropped or crushed, or impacted from a collision.<\/p><\/li><li>A battery explodes or catches fire from internal factors.<\/li><li>A battery management system has malfunctioned (BMS malfunction).<\/li><li>A battery is overcharged (charger malfunction).<\/li><li>An internal short circuit due to false design or the degradation of a battery.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><p>These factors create internal heat and chemical reactions, leading to swollen, or exploded batteries if they cannot be cooled or released the gas. In order to prevent heat and high-pressure situations, most batteries should have expansion valves as a primary protection device. In addition, for lithium batteries with high-energy capacity, it is necessary to have protection devices preventing over-charged and over-discharged of the limited current and voltage.<\/p><p>There are two types of protection devices:<\/p><ol><li>Protection Circuit Module (PCM) to prevent an overcharge and overuse of the battery by terminating the electricity when the battery reaches the specified voltage level.<\/li><li>Battery Management System (BMS) is a system, which controls and prevents the battery from working in danger, such as overcharging or discharging batteries, as well as balancing cell batteries to maximize battery capacity and extend its lifespan.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a762b2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a762b2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cf506f\" data-id=\"6cf506f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a97f28c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a97f28c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: What type of battery is a power bank? Why is it forbidden to carry on a plane if the capacity is larger than 32,000 mAh?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>A power bank contains lithium-ion batteries, which is forbidden to carry on a plane because it has a high energy-to-weight capacity. The International Air Transport Association (IATA)\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 300;\">[4]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">, therefore, has specified the rules and regulations of power bank batteries as follows.<\/span><\/p><ul><li>Do not put power bank batteries in checked luggage.<\/li><li>The power bank batteries are allowed to carry a carry-on bag with a capacity limit of not more than 32,000 mAh.<\/li><li>The power bank batteries with a capacity of 20,000 mAh (or less than 100 watt-hours (Wh) can be carried onboard up to 20 batteries.<\/li><li>The power bank batteries with a capacity of 20,000\u201332,000 mAh (or between 100-160 watt-hours (Wh) can be carried onboard up to 2 batteries.<\/li><li>The power bank batteries with a capacity of 32,000 mAh (or more than 160 watt-hours (Wh) are not allowed on board.<\/li><\/ul><p>The 32,000 mAh number is specified based on the electrical power of a power bank with a 160 Wh at approximately 5 Volts (32,000 mAh x 5 V = 160 Wh), of which 160 Wh is equivalent to 1\/7 of the energy\u00a0 of 1 kg TNT bomb. [5]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d725ce1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d725ce1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Battery management<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601ad0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"601ad0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba76d81\" data-id=\"ba76d81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65354b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65354b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: Are different types of batteries handled differently? How?<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<\/span><\/h3>\nUsed batteries are hazardous waste that cannot be disposed of by landfill or incineration like conventional waste. This is cause batteries contain metal elements, which cannot be decomposed naturally by landfills and creates air pollution when incinerated. Batteries also contain acidic electrolytes or toxic organic substances, thus they may leak and create environmental pollution in a landfill.\n\nTherefore, specific measures have been taken to ensure a proper handling of the battery. Battery management starts with collecting used and worn-out batteries, for example, small batteries, such as batteries in mobile phones and computers. It is consumer&#8217;s responsibility to dispose of them at the correct e-waste collection point.\u00a0 These batteries should not be disposed with general waste because they may be incinerated, thus creating environmental pollution. \u00a0As for large batteries, such as lead-acid batteries used in automobiles or lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles, the entrepreneurs in the industrial sector, such as battery dealers or electric vehicle dealers, are responsible for collecting and handling used batteries under the supervision of the Department of Industrial Works.\n\nA battery collection process is followed by a separation process, which will sort out the types of batteries for further disposal or recycling. \u00a0The principles of handling or recycling each type of battery are similar, i.e., discharging to reduce the energy of a battery and make sure that it will not spark, and then dismantling all parts to separate the electrolyte and materials in the battery before disposing or recycling process. \u00a0In other words, the difference in handling each type of battery is the disposing or recycling procedure of battery materials since different batteries have different components.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5941e0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5941e0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff341d\" data-id=\"dff341d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8fc187 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8fc187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: How should users dispose of the batteries to reduce their environmental impact? Is there a management system in Thailand? There are various Battery disposal points, and where do discarded batteries go?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>The user (or the consumer) should be aware of the proper disposal of the battery by separating the battery from the device in use first. Then put it in a sealed bag to avoid a short circuit and clearly label it as toxic waste, and discarded at various receiving points, such as department stores, mobile network shops, and post offices. However, if the battery cannot be removed, such as mobile phones batteries, large batteries (e.g., lead-acid batteries), or battery packs in electric vehicles, the consumers should return or replace the battery to the supplier and should not disassemble it to get valuable materials from the battery.<\/p><p>At present, lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used batteries in automobiles, therefore, the consumers or suppliers normally separate batteries to get the lead ingots. This will cause the smelters to receive lead poison through contact and respiratory tract, as well as creates environmental pollution. In addition, disposing of the acid that contains electrolytes inside the lead-acid batteries also directly impacts the environment.<\/p><p>In Thailand, no law specifically supports battery waste management, but there are laws related to electronic waste management, such as the Act (Act on Enhancement and Conservation of National Environment Quality B.E. 2535) that controls waste disposal and maintains environmental quality, the Factory Act B.E. 2535 that sets standards and methods for controlling waste from the factory, the Hazardous Substance Act B.E. 2535 that applies to those who manufacture, import, export or possess hazardous substances, and the Public Health Act (No. 2) B.E. 2550 that specify local administrative organizations must arrange for the proper separation, collection, and disposal of hazardous waste from the community. Currently, Thailand is in the process of pushing for a draft of the Act on the Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment B.E. (WEEE: Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Act) [6]. This Act includes the Extended Producer Responsibility: EPR) and product recall systems, which allow an entrepreneur to retrieve more scrap batteries for recycling.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4789dee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4789dee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae9840c\" data-id=\"ae9840c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdef264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdef264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Q: Can batteries be recycled?<\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"color: #808080; background-color: #20b2aa;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">A:<\/span><br \/><\/span><\/h3><p>Batteries can be recycled. There are various methods of recycling depending on the type and material inside the battery. At present, lead-acid batteries are in large quantities and mostly used in automobiles. The recycling of lead-acid batteries starts by pouring the acid out of the battery, then disassembling to separate the case and material for plastic cases to be recycled, and the internal material can be separated into lead oxides and plates, which are melted in the factory to smelt lead and recycle the elemental plates.<\/p><p>As for lithium-ion batteries, there will be more battery waste in the future due to the increased use of electric vehicles (xEV). It is estimated that by 2032, Thailand will have more than 22 million electric vehicles [7] , making the recycling of lithium-ion batteries a crucial topic in the future.<\/p><p>Since the material value of lithium-ion batteries accounts for 64% of the total battery value. [8] The deteriorated or failing lithium-ion batteries are checked for electrical performance and state-of-health of the battery first. If the battery is damaged in the electrical circuit or some cells in the module are damaged, it will be repaired or replaced, and then reused, which is called remanufacturing method. Moreover, if the battery has a State-of-health between 60-80%, it can be used in other applications that require less battery capacity, which is called battery repurposing or a second-life method, such as using batteries in deteriorated electric vehicles in stationary energy storage systems. Currently, Nissan Motor (Thailand) Company Limited has cooperated with Eaton Industries (Thailand) Ltd., to develop used lithium-ion batteries in Nissan leaf cars as a home backup power source, which is called xStorage. [9] However, if it was found that a state-of-health of batteries has a lower value than 60%, it can be recycled as shown in figure 3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-629eae7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"629eae7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b916129\" data-id=\"b916129\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3469fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3469fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-1024x477.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5130\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-1536x716.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3-16x7.png 16w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48_Fig3.png 1912w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: The management of lithium-ion batteries according to their state-of-health values.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-074e5e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"074e5e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b85412\" data-id=\"3b85412\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3916f40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3916f40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Battery recycling consists of four main processes:<\/p><ol><li>The mechanical process: a process of decomposing and separating battery materials by a mechanical process, such as crushing, filtering, magnetization, and refrigeration.<\/li><li>The pyrometallurgical process: a process that uses heat to melt and smelt iron and bring back precious metals in the form of alloys.<\/li><li>The hydrometallurgical process: a process that uses chemicals by leaching and returning precious metals in the form of a salt solution.<\/li><li>The direct recycling process: a treatment for the material inside the battery that is directly deteriorated to make the deteriorated material to have a quality as original materials and can be used in the reassembled battery.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b075356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b075356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f46ab6\" data-id=\"3f46ab6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfd0848 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cfd0848\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P6-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5134\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P6-2.jpg 527w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P6-2-258x300.jpg 258w, https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/B-P6-2-10x12.jpg 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: The recycling process of lithium-ion batteries.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4659cb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4659cb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba6b981\" data-id=\"ba6b981\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c13d8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c13d8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recycling lithium-ion batteries involves a combination of the above processes [10] as shown in Figure 4, which each company from various countries has different ways to recycle lithium-ion batteries. \u00a0[11] For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jobthai.com\/th\/company\/99738\">Umicore <\/a>Company in Belgium, which has used the thermal metallurgy process in the smelting of precious metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper and iron into alloys and then melted by hydrometallurgical process to separate precious metals. As the Retriev Company in the United States, which has used liquid nitrogen to freeze batteries to prevent lithium reaction and then crush and separate the materials, it was then separated by hydrometallurgical process to to extract lithium and cobalt. In Thailand, there is no lithium-ion battery recycling plant, therefore, the entreprenuers will export used lithium-ion batteries to foreign countries for recycling.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4069747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4069747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27ae454\" data-id=\"27ae454\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c949e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c949e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>BATTERY 2030+ Roadmap: Inventing the Sustainable Batteries of the Future, Research Needs and Future Actions, https:\/\/battery2030.eu\/digitalAssets\/861\/c_861008-l_1-k_roadmap-27-march.pdf (accessed November 5, 2020).<\/li><li>\u0e40\u0e15\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e13\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e15, \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e1f\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e20\u0e39\u0e21\u0e34\u0e20\u0e32\u0e04, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pea.co.th\/\">https:\/\/www.pea.co.th\/<\/a> (accessed December 23, 2020)<\/li><li>T.D. Tran, J.H. Feikert, R.W. Pekala, K. Kinoshita, Rate effect on lithium-ion graphite electrode performance, J. Appl. Electrochem. 26 (1996) 1161\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00243741.<\/li><li>Traveling with Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs), https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/programs\/ops-infra\/baggage\/ped\/ (accessed November 27, 2020)<\/li><li>Energy and Work Conversion Table, https:\/\/www.unitconversion.org\/unit_converter\/energy-ex.html (accessed December 29, 2020)<\/li><li>\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e36\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e1c\u0e25 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e02\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e34\u0e15\u0e20\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e44\u0e1f\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e40\u0e25\u0e47\u0e01\u0e17\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e4c \u0e1e.\u0e28. \u2026., https:\/\/www.lawamendment.go.th\/index.php\/faq?id=717 (accessed November 11, 2020)<\/li><li>\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1c\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e42\u0e04\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1f\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e19\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e1f\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22, https:\/\/www.eppo.go.th\/images\/Infromation_service\/studyreport\/EV_plan.pdf (accessed November 11, 2020)<\/li><li>Pillot, Christophe. &#8220;Avicenne Energy.&#8221;<em>Battery Market Compilations, twenty first ed.<\/em>\u00a0(2017).<\/li><li>Nissan and Eaton release \u2018Xstorage\u2019 \u2013 home energy storage solution, https:\/\/www.pntpower.com\/nissan-eaton-release-xstorage-home-energy-storage-solution\/ (accessed November 11, 2020)<\/li><li>M. Chen, X. Ma, B. Chen, R. Arsenault, P. Karlson, N. Simon, Y. Wang, Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries, Joule. 3 (2019) 2622\u20132646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joule.2019.09.014.<\/li><li>Pinegar, Haruka, and York R. Smith. &#8220;Recycling of end-of-life lithium ion batteries, Part I: Commercial processes.&#8221;<em>Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy<\/em>\u00a0(2019): 1-15.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Mr. Ukrit Sahapatsombut, Dr. Thanya Phraewphipat, Dr. Jiravan Mongkoltanatas, Dr. Priew Eiamlamai, Dr. Nattanai Kunanusont, and Dr. Pimpa Limthongkul Energy Storage Technology Research Team, Energy Innovation Research Group of the National Energy Technology Center (ENTEC) Overview Q: What types of batteries are in use today? And what are the differences? A: Batteries in use [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5092,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[328],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knowledge"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5543"}],"version-history":[{"count":86,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5629,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5543\/revisions\/5629"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entec.or.th\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}